# Symbols¶

This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of LaTeX symbols, just the ones which are most likely to be useful. Nearly all of these symbols must be typed while in math mode. Beware clicking the above link; it may take a while for the 164 page list of latex symbols to load. A smaller, but extremely useful list can be found here.

These symbols can be accessed without any special commands:

+ - = ! / ( ) [ ] < > | ' : < >

Beyond these, the majority of symbols are produced with commands. Commands start with \ and tell $$\LaTeX$$ to replace the command with the symbol which the command represents. For example,

$(\forall \epsilon > 0)(\exists N : n > N \implies d(p_n, p) < \epsilon)$

produces $$(\forall \epsilon>0)(\exists N:n>N\implies d(p_n,p)<\epsilon)$$. Most Greek letters have a command specifically for them. To differentiate between capital and lowercase, capitalize the initial letter. For example, \sigma produces $$\sigma$$ and \Sigma produces $$\Sigma$$. Some capital letters such as Alpha, Beta, and Kappa do not have their own symbol - since they are identical to A, B, and K respectively they may be accessed by just typing the letter. Lowercase phi has two forms, \phi which yields $$\phi$$ and \varphi which yields $$\varphi$$. The same pattern follows for epsilon, theta, pi, rho, and sigma.

Table 1: Equalities, Inequalities, and Sets
Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol
\neq $$\neq$$ \equiv $$\equiv$$ \leq $$\leq$$ \geq $$\geq$$
\sim $$\sim$$ \approx $$\approx$$ \gg $$\gg$$ \ll $$\ll$$
\subset $$\subset$$ \supset $$\supset$$ \subseteq $$\subseteq$$ \supseteq $$\supseteq$$
\forall $$\forall$$ \exists $$\exists$$ \propto $$\propto$$ \cong $$\cong$$
\in $$\in$$ \ni $$\ni$$ \cap $$\cap$$ \cup $$\cup$$
\parallel $$\parallel$$ \perp $$\perp$$

Many of these may be inverted with the \not command. If used before many commands, $$\LaTeX$$ renders the negated relation. For example, \not\subset produces $$\not\subset$$ and \not\sim produces $$\not\sim$$. If a symbol does not have a negated version, then $$\LaTeX$$ will simply superimpose the not symbol, $$\not\;$$, on it. So \not{a} will become $$\not{a}$$.

Table 2: Logic
Symbol Command Symbol Command
$$\models$$ \models $$\neg$$ \neg
$$\implies$$ \implies $$\iff$$ \iff
$$\Rightarrow$$ \Rightarrow $$\Leftrightarrow$$ \Leftrightarrow
$$\forall$$ \forall $$\exists$$ \exists
$$\land$$ \land $$\lor$$ \lor
$$\emptyset$$ \emptyset $$\varnothing$$ \varnothing

Note that it is preferred to use the \Rightarrow ($$\Rightarrow$$) for “implies” and \Leftrightarrow ($$\Leftrightarrow$$) for “if and only if.” If it feels more natural (and easier) to type \implies and \iff, then including these two lines in the preamble will automatically replace all instances of \implies and \iff with their preferred counterparts.

\renewcommand{\implies}{\Rightarrow}
\renewcommand{\iff}{\Leftrightarrow}

The explanation for the above code can be found on the New Command page.

Table 3: Operators
Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol
\pm $$\pm$$ \mp $$\mp$$ \times $$\times$$ \div $$\div$$
\cdot $$\cdot$$ \ast $$\ast$$ \vee $$\vee$$ \wedge $$\wedge$$
\oplus $$\oplus$$ \otimes $$\otimes$$ \circ $$\circ$$ \bullet $$\bullet$$
Table 4: Arrows and Dots
Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol
\to $$\to$$ \gets $$\gets$$ \rightarrow $$\rightarrow$$ \leftarrow $$\leftarrow$$
\mapsto $$\mapsto$$ \leftrightarrow $$\leftrightarrow$$ \rightleftharpoons $$\rightleftharpoons$$ \leadsto $$\leadsto$$
\leftharpoonup $$\leftharpoonup$$ \leftharpoondown $$\leftharpoondown$$ \rightharpoondown $$\rightharpoondown$$ \rightharpoonup $$\rightharpoonup$$
\uparrow $$\uparrow$$ \downarrow $$\downarrow$$ \updownarrow $$\updownarrow$$
\ldots $$\ldots$$ \cdots $$\cdots$$ \vdots $$\vdots$$ \ddots $$\ddots$$

Many arrow commands have a counterpart which is referenced by capitalizing the first letter. For example, \uparrow produces $$\uparrow$$ and \Uparrow produces $$\Uparrow$$.

Table 5: Math Mode Accents
Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol
\hat{a} $$\hat{a}$$ \check{a} $$\check{a}$$ \dot{a} $$\dot{a}$$ \ddot{a} $$\ddot{a}$$
\bar{a} $$\bar{a}$$ \vec{a} $$\vec{a}$$ \tilde{a} $$\tilde{a}$$

Many arrow commands have a counterpart which is referenced by capitalizing the first letter. For example, \uparrow produces $$\uparrow$$ and \Uparrow produces $$\Uparrow$$

Table 7: General Math Symbols
Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol
\infty $$\infty$$ \aleph $$\aleph$$ \hbar $$\hbar$$ \ell $$\ell$$
\imath $$\imath$$ \jmath $$\jmath$$ \Re $$\Re$$ \Im $$\Im$$
\nabla $$\nabla$$ \Delta $$\Delta$$ \partial $$\partial$$

Some symbols are natively used to perform commands, and so need to be referenced with a specific character sequence.

Table 8: Command Symbols
Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol Command Symbol
\$$$\$$ \& $$\&$$ \% $$\%$$ \# $$\#$$ In some cases \$ will not work, in which case it can be replaced with \textdollar.